HIV Test
600 Kshs | Home Collection Available
Synonyms
HIV Antigen/Antibody, HIV-1, HIV-2, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, p24
Purpose
The HIV Test is used to detect the presence of HIV antigens and/or antibodies in the blood, helping determine whether a person has been infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). This test may involve different methods, including rapid tests, ELISA, or HIV PCR, depending on the stage of infection and clinical context.
It is especially recommended for:
- Individuals who engage in high-risk behaviors (e.g., unprotected sex, sharing needles)
- Pregnant women, to prevent mother-to-child transmission
- People with symptoms of acute HIV infection (fever, rash, sore throat, etc.)
- Routine medical screening, especially before surgery, blood donation, or starting antiretroviral therapy
- Partners of HIV-positive individuals
Early detection of HIV is critical for the timely initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) to slow disease progression and maintain immune function.
In addition, the tests help in preventing transmission to others through early behavioral and medical interventions.
To provide a complete picture of an individual’s health and stage of HIV infection, the test can b performed alongside CD4 Count, HIV Viral Load (HIV RNA PCR), HIV Western Blot or Confirmatory Assays, Hepatitis B and C Tests, Syphilis and Other STI Screening, Tuberculosis (TB) Screening, and Liver and Kidney Function Tests.
Early HIV testing empowers individuals with knowledge about their status, enables better healthcare planning, and plays a major role in reducing the spread of the virus in the community.
Patient Preparation
No special preparation needed.
Samples
2.5 mL (minimum 700 μL) Serum or plasma. Gel-barrier tube, lavender-top (EDTA) tube, or plasma preparation tube. Samples should be centrifuged within 24 hours after collection, then serum or plasma transferred to a screw-cap polypropylene transport tube and frozen. Stable at room temperature for 48 hours, refrigerated for 14 days, and frozen for several weeks.
Reference Range
Negative
Results Turnaround
15-20 minutes after receipt of samples.
Diseases / Diagnostic indicators
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) attacks and gradually destroys key immune system cells, mainly CD4 T-cells, leaving the body vulnerable to a wide range of infections and diseases. When a test detects HIV antigens (specifically p24) or HIV antibodies, it confirms that the person is currently infected with the virus.
HIV infection can present in different stages:
- Acute HIV infection – Occurs within 2–4 weeks after exposure. May present with flu-like symptoms (fever, sore throat, rash, fatigue).
- Chronic HIV infection (asymptomatic stage) – The virus is active but reproduces at low levels. The person may not show symptoms for years.
- AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) – The final stage where the immune system is severely weakened. The individual becomes highly susceptible to opportunistic infections such as tuberculosis, pneumonia, candidiasis, and certain cancers.
Positive Result:
Indicates the presence of HIV infection. Further testing (such as viral load and CD4 count) will help determine the stage of infection and guide treatment decisions. Early linkage to care and initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is essential.
Negative Result:
Suggests no current HIV infection. However, if the test was done during the window period (the early phase before antibodies or antigens are detectable), a repeat test may be necessary after a few weeks.
Indeterminate or Inconclusive Result:
May occur due to early infection, technical issues, or cross-reactivity. Follow-up with confirmatory testing is recommended.
Understanding one’s HIV status is the first step in protecting personal health and preventing transmission to others. For more on HIV Testing, read this study.